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 “The French and Indian War resulted in one of the worst periods for Roman Catholics in the colony. Fearing the increase of Irish immigrants, Maryland passed the "Act to Prevent The Growth of Popery." In 1757 Father James Beadnall was tried for saying Mass. In 1755 groups of French Acadians were unloaded at places on the Eastern Shore, at Wye River, Oxford, Chestertown, and Elk River. In 1758 the sheriffs of each county were required to report properties owned by Catholics in their county. Severe intolerance against Catholics evaporated as victory came to the British.” -- "CATHOLICS ON THE EASTERN SHORE OF MARYLAND", by Reverend Thomas J. Peterman |
While Justice John Rawlings was apparently not a Catholic, two Rawlings were persecuted during the period of the French and Indian War by anti-Catholics in Maryland. Often the charge was made against officials targeted, was that their wives were Catholic, and therefore an influence on these officials. Catholics were not allowed to serve in public office, and Catholic religious services were illegal, except in private homes. A law was passed during this period taxing Catholics at double the rate of other citizens.
A Mary Rawlings of Prince Georges County appears in the records as being a possible target of these special prosecutions. Part of Prince Georges County became Frederick County in 1649/50, so her actual locale is difficult to know. Justice John Rawlings or another John Rawlings b. 1705, testifies June 16, 1755 that in 1735 ‘Mr. John Dickerson deceased, with this deponent came to this tree, that Mr. John Flint had his hand on and information, that he was a chain carrier to said tract of land, called “Hope” that belonged to RICHARD BENNETT, ESQ.’.[Not sure if this is Richard Bennett III. Richard Bennett II m. Henrietta Maria Neale, a Catholic, and Richard Bennett III, namesake of the Puritan who had overthrown the Catholic proprieter in the 1650s, was a Catholic and attended Jesuit school in Paris. He kept a chapel on his estate at Wye River where visiting Jesuits conducted Mass regularly. He died in 1749, perhaps the weathiest man in the colonies. He had no children] An Eleanor Dickenson is one of those summoned with Mary Rawlings to testify against Richard Monieux, a Jesuit priest. Dickerson and Dickenson seem to be used interchangeably, as evidenced by the Charles County Hundred Rent Rolls: Dickerson, Jerome/ Nanjemoy/337/ 27/PERSIMMON POINT; | Dickerson, John/ Nanjemoy/334/1/MILNER; | Dickerson, Roger/ Chicamuxen/355/26/HARDSHIFT/ HARDFROST; | Dickinson, John/ Nanjemoy/ 334/ 1/MILNER. Detail: 1642-1753 Rent Rolls Charles County MD Hundred - Nanjemoy or Durham Parish: Rent Roll page/Sequence: 334-1: MILNER: 300 acres; Possession of - 157 Acres - Dickinson, John: Surveyed 17 Aug 1654 for Thomas Milner on the North side of the Easternmost branch of Avon River formerly Nanjemoy Creek: Other Tracts Mentioned: ; ; ; other notes - 156 Acres (unreadable) Stone Sr. from John Dickerson; 14 Aug 1712, ,, , , , There was also during this period a James Dickinson, who was Sheriff of Talbot County. His mother was Jane Richardson, I believe, and so he was first cousin of Bacon of Bacon's laws, having served as a factor to Anthony Bacon, Bacon of Bacon's Laws brother. This James Dickinson came to Maryland in the 1740s. (I think that the Bacon of Bacon's laws was given ministerial oversight of the first Frederick County Parish.)
It should be noted that during this same period, the Protestant elite removed the customs status of certain (Scottish upstart) ports such as London Town, and a Richard Rawlings’ Landing on the Potomac, just south of John Hawkins Landing. (Across the Potomac from Mount Vernon, more or less). This was ruinous to the economy of these communities, and London Town disappeared entirely. It is a possibility that suspected anti-royalist, anti-london allegiances, as well as doing business with Scottish factors rather than the established London merchants played a role.
In addition, there was a Jacobite Rebellion comprised mostly of Scottish Highlanders, but also supported by other Scots and some Jacobites in London, in 1745. The Jacobites were defeated at the Battle of Culloden on April 16, 1746.
Exhibits accompanying an Anti-Catholic Report produced by the General Assembly's Committee of Grievances and Courts of Justice, Col. Hooper, Chair, in 1752This is the same committee that just a few years later brings about the ordeal that seems to have ended Justice John Rawlings life. Volume 50, page 55, Maryland Archives The Lower House. Annoque Domini 1746; Per Richard Burdus 1, Clerk. Memorandum. Summons ordered and issued for WILLIAM SECIL, RICHARD MARSHALL2 , JAMES GREEN, MARY RAWLINGS, AND ELEANOR DICKENSON, OF PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY, In Colonel Hooper's Committee report, he lists the failure of the Prince Georges witnesses to appear to testify against Father Molineux, as evidence of “many and dangerous Innovations, against Law, made by the Popish Interest within this Province” (Item 7). I'm not sure if the implication is against the Sheriff of Prince Georges County in failing to deliver the witnesses, or against the witnesses themselves, or both. Calvert County Court, of which Daniel Rawlings is an officer, as Sheriff, is also implicated by Col. Hooper, for simply fining Samuel Harrison, whose wife is a “professed papist” for his “TREASONABLE WORDS, &C. That he knew no difference between the king of france and the king of england; for if the king of france knew any person having a sum of money, would take it from him; and if the king of england wanted a sum of money, would make his parliament give it him.” In all cases where defendants are charged with making treasonous statements, they declare themselves guilty and submit to the judgement of the court. (See Exhibit B) Col. Hooper regards this as clear evidence of his contentions regarding bad Catholic influence in Maryland. |
Vol. 50, page 51 Liber No. 47 June 17 Assembly Proceedings, June 3-23, 1752.
COL. HOOPER, from the Committee of Grievances and Courts of Justice, delivers to Mr. Speaker the following Report; viz.
By the Committee of Grievances and Courts of Justice, June 17, 1752. Your Committee conceive it their indispensible Duty, to report to your Honourable House the many and dangerous Innovations, against Law, made by the Popish Interest within this Province, and the great Growth of Popery, and extensive Acquisitions of Popish Priests, or Jesuits, within the same.
First. That, contrary to Statutes, a Papist keeps a School for Education of Youth, within six or seven Miles of Annapolis, the Seat of Government, as appears by the following Declaration of BENJAMIN WRIGHT3; who says, That a certain JAMES ELSTON, A PAPIST, KEEPS A SCHOOL NEAR HIS HOUSE, which is about seven Miles from Annapolis: That he has heard Elston say, that he would educate such of the Peoples Children in the Romish Religion as approved of it; and such as did not, he would educate in the Protestant Way: That he, Elston, told him he was a Papist, and went to Mass: That he, Wright, had been at the School-House, and seen Elston teach the Children, in the Common Prayer Book, their Prayers, according to the Church of England: That there is a Child of one MR. IRELAND, A PAPIST, that goes to the said School; and he believes there may be fifteen or sixteen Children taught by the said Elston at his School: That he knows that the said ELSTON TAUGHT AT PATAPSCO IN ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY, and heard him say he had kept School at DEER CREEK, IN BALTIMORE COUNTY, before that Time.”
2dly. That Popish Priests, or JESUITS, TAKE GRANTS OF LANDS FROM THE LORD PROPRIETARY, AS WELL AS DEEDS FROM OTHERS, IN THEIR OWN NAMES4 ; WHEREON THEY BUILD AND ERECT PUBLIC MASS HOUSES, PLANTATIONS, AND EDIFICES, FOR THE PUBLIC EXERCISE OF THEIR FUNCTIONS; OF WHICH MASS HOUSES, SEMINARIES, OR SECTS OF JESUITS (EXCLUSIVE OF MANY CHAPELS AND MASS HOUSES IN PRIVATE FAMILIES), THERE ARE SIX OR MORE SEATED, BESIDES TRACTS OF LAND HELD IN THEIR RIGHT, READY TO BE SO SEATED FOR THE PURPOSES AFORESAID, and pervert many of his Majesty's Subjects.
3dly. That many PAPISTS OPENLY SEND CHILDREN TO ST. OMER'S, AND OTHER POPISH SEMINARIES, OUT OF THE KING'S OBEDIENCE, THERE TO BE TRAINED UP AND EDUCATED IN THEIR SUPERSTITIONS AND DANGEROUS PRINCIPLES; WHENCE MANY RETURN INTO THIS PROVINCE POPISH PRIESTS, OR JESUITS, PROPAGATING THEIR DOCTRINE WITHOUT CONTROUL; WHICH IF NOT TIMELY CHECKED, MAY BECOME OF DANGEROUS CONSEQUENCE TO THIS PART OF HIS MAJESTY'S DOMINIONS.
4thly. That a GERMAN PRIEST, OR JESUIT, has a Seat of Land, or Place for exercising the Popish Religion, near the BACK MOUNTAIN, as appears by a DEPOSITION TAKEN IN MAY SESSION, 1751, and then lodged with the Clerk of your Honourable House.
5thly. That it also appears, by the Declaration of MR. FRANCIS WARING, OF PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY, That he has been acquainted with MR. HENRY DARNALL, ATTORNEY GENERAL, 14 OR 15 YEARS; and understood that he was brought up and educated at St. Omer's, and that he, Mr. Darnall, professed the Popish Religion until the Time he first began to practice the Law, and of his taking the Oaths to the Government: That some Years after Mr. Darnall was appointed Attorney General, and MR. WARING HEARING BY MANY PEOPLE THAT MASS WAS SAID IN HIS HOUSE AFTER SUCH APPOINTMENT, Mt. Waring often took Occasion to mention it, and particularly to MR. BAKER BROOKE, A PAPIST, who said it was so; and that he, MR. BROOKE, ALSO SAID, HE UNDERSTOOD BY HIS LORDSHIP'S CHARTER, THE ROMAN CATHOLICS HAD LIBERTY TO EXERCISE THEIR RELIGION ANY WHERE, AND THAT THE MASS WAS SAID FOR MR. DARNALL'S FAMILY, BUT BELIEVED MR. DARNALL HIMSELF WAS NEVER PRESENT: That in September last, Mr. Waring says, he was in Company with MR. IGNATIUS DIGGS, A PAPIST; and, after some Discourse, he, Diggs, talked of the APPROACHING ELECTION FOR REPRESENTATIVES, TO SERVE IN ASSEMBLY FOR PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY, saying that Messieurs WILLIAM MURDOCK5 AND JOHN ADDISON WERE NOT FIT TO SERVE, AS BEING FOR INTRODUCING THE PENAL LAWS THE LAST SESSION; AND THAT THEY WERE MEN OF SUCH PRINCIPLES AS WERE NOT TO BE TRUSTED IN A PUBLIC CAPACITY: That Mr. Waring, in their Discourse, said he thought Mr. Henry Darnall was very much winked at, for suffering Mass to be said in his House; to which Mr. Diggs replied, that he thought it no Crime for Mass to be said there for his Family, for they had not taken the Oaths to the Government, if Mr. Darnall had: and that Mr. Darnall was not present himself at Mass. That about two or three Years ago, MR. BASIL WARING, A PAPIST, TOLD MR. FRANCIS WARING, THAT MR. ROBERT DARNALL, A SON OF MR. HENRY DARNALL, THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, WAS JUST COME INTO THE COUNTRY FROM ST. OMER'S, WHERE HE HAD BEEN FOR HIS EDUCATION. That Mr. Francis Waring is a Neighbour of Mr. Henry Darnall, and that he never saw Mr. Darnall at any Protestant Church, nor ever heard any of his Neighbours say they ever did see him, Mr. Darnall, at any.
6thly. “It appears to your Committee, That MR. JOHN DARNALL, THE ATTORNEY GENERAL'S BROTHER, ONE OF THE JUDGES OF THE PROVINCIAL COURT, CLERK OF FREDERICK COUNTY, DEPUTY COMMISSARY, AND RECEIVER OF HIS LORDSHIP'S LAND RENTS THERE, BRED OUT OF HIS MAJESTY'S OBEDIENCE AS AFORESAID, AND NOT KNOWN BY HIS NEIGHBOURS TO FREQUENT ANY PROTESTANT CHURCH (HIS WIFE BEING A PAPIST), EDUCATES HIS CHILDREN AS PAPISTS ALSO: That THERE ARE THREE MORE PROVINCIAL JUDGES, WHO ARE MARRIED TO PAPISTS; TWO OF WHICH EXECUTE THE MOST CONSIDERABLE OFFICE IN THE GOVERNMENT: And that MOST OF THE RE CEIVERS OF HIS LORDSHIP'S QUIT RENTS, IN THE SEVEN COUNTIES ON THE WESTERN SHORE OF THIS PROVINCE, ARE KNOWN PAPISTS. “
7thly. Your Committee humbly report to your Honourable House, That IN THE YEAR 1746, A CERTAIN RICHARD MOLINEUX, A POPISH JESUIT, AND PRINCIPAL OF THAT SOCIETY IN THIS PROVINCE, BEING BOUND TO ANSWER BEFORE THE PROVINCIAL COURT, SEVEN EVIDENCES WERE SUMMONED TO TESTIFY AGAINST HIM FOR SOME SUSPECTED TREASONABLE PRACTICES; WHEREOF ONLY TWO APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN SWORN, or sent to the Grand Jury, as by a Copy of the Record thereof, marked A, and hereunto annexed, may appear: And that the SAME YEAR, WHEN AN UNNATURAL REBELLION WAS CARRYING ON IN GREAT BRITAIN, AND MANY OF THE PAPISTS HERE MANIFESTED THEIR DISPOSITIONS FOR THE SUCCESS THERE OF, PRESENTMENTS WERE SEVERALLY MADE AGAINST JOHN THOMAS, WILLIAM FOTHERGILL, AND BOWLEN SPEAK, FOR TREASONABLE WORDS AGAINST HIS MOST SACRED MAJESTY; AND WERE ONLY FINED, without exhibiting any Indictment against them, or any of them, as appears by the Record marked B, and hereunto annexed; which we humbly conceive by Law ought to have been done. It further appears to your Committee, that in the YEAR 1748, AT THE ASSIZES HELD FOR CALVERT COUNTY, A PRESENTMENT WAS MADE AGAINST A CERTAIN SAMUEL HARRISON, THEN CLERK OF THE SAME COUNTY, AND WHOSE WIFE IS A PROFESSED PAPIST; who was thereupon only fined6 , without exhibiting any Indictment, as appears by the Copy of the Record hereunto annexed, marked C; altho' Mr. Darnall, the Attorney General, was then at the said Assize; which we likewise humbly conceive to have been a Neglect of Duty in him, and contrary to Law.
8thly. Your Committee humbly report to your Honourable House, That not only most of the Papists within this Province exert their Power and Interest, to procure such Persons to be elected into your Honourable House, as they think most suitable to their Purposes; but more particularly MR. CHARLES CARROLL, A POWERFUL PAPIST, BEFORE AND AT THE LATE ELECTIONS, DID ENDEAVOUR TO INFLUENCE MANY ELECTORS IN ANNE ARUNDEL, PRINCE GEORGE'S, AND FREDERICK COUNTIES, BY TREATING, WRITING, AND OTHER ARTFUL MEANS; which we humbly apprehend to be a Violation of the Rights of his Majesty's dutiful and loyal Subjects of this Province.
All which we humbly conceive to be great Grievances, introductious of dangerous Evils, and tend to alienate the Affections of his Majesty's Protestant Subjects of Maryland from his Lordship's good Rule and Government; but is humbly submitted to the Con sideration of your Honourable House. Signed per Order, Wm. Wilkins, Clerk.
And the following Deposition; viz.
HENRY CASSELL, OF FREDERICK COUNTY, WHO WAS BORN OF GERMAN PARENTS, and says he understands the German Language well, makes Oath on the Evangelists, that he knew MR. WAPLER, THE GERMAN JESUIT, or Priest, or who stood in the Priest's Place; and he, this Deponent, heard him preach as such in the German Language, and who now is, he supposes, in Germany; but this Deponent understood the said Wapler had stayed his Time here, and another was to come in his Room: That he has a PLANTATION AT CONNAWAGO, CALLED WAPLER'S PLACE, and a Settlement thereon: That lately there was at Connawago, at Wapler's Place, another German or English Jesuit or Priest, who had his Meeting there, and at which were several English as well as Germans: That many of the Germans are Roman Catholics; and, he believes, MANY OF THE ENGLISH OR IRISH UP THAT WAY, ABOUT PIPE CREEK: THAT MOST OF THE GERMAN ROMAN CATHOLICS, THAT THIS DEPONENT KNOWS LIVE UP TOWARDS THE MOUNTAINS; and that he has been informed, the said Wapler has preached several Times at MR. JOHN DIGG'S: And further saith not. -Henry Cassell. Sworn the 30TH DAY OF MAY, IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD GOD 1751. before me, Robert Jenckins Henry.
And the following Papers, marked A, B, C.
Exhibit A.In the Records and Proceedings of the Provincial Court of Maryland, amongst other Things, is contained as follows; viz. Maryland, ss. :At a Provincial Court held at the City of Annapolis, in Anne Arundel County, in and for the Province aforesaid, on the SECOND TUESDAY OF APRIL, BEING THE EIGHTH DAY OF THE SAME MONTH, and in the 31st Year of the Dominion of the Right Honourable Charles, Absolute Lord and Proprietary of the Provinces of Maryland and Avalon, Lord Baron of Baltimore, &c. ANNOQUE DOMINI 1746; against RICHARD MOLINEUX, 1000, CHARLES CARROLL, ESQ; 1000 The said Richard Molineux, being bound by Recognizance in the Sum of One Thousand Pounds Sterling, with CHARLES CARROLL, ESQ; HIS SECURITY, in the like Sum, for his the said Richard Molineux's Appearance here this Court, to answer unto such Things as shall be objected against him, on Behalf of his Lordship; who being called upon, appears, and nothing being objected against him on Behalf of his Lordship thereupon, he from his Recognizance aforesaid, and his Security, are discharged; he the said Molineux paying the several Officers Fees, accruing due by Occasion of the Premisses aforesaid. |
Exhibit BIn the Records and Proceedings of the Provincial Court of the Province of Maryland, amongst other Things, is contained as follows; viz. Maryland, ss.At a Provincial Court held at the City of Annapolis, in Anne Arundel County, for the Province aforesaid, on the second Tuesday of September, being the ninth day of the same month, and in the 32d Year of the Dominion of the Right Honourable Charles, Absolute Lord and Proprietary of the Provinces of Maryland and Avalon, Lord Baron of Baltimore, &c. Annoque Domini 1746.
The Lord Proprietary The said JOHN THOMAS, being bound by against Recognizance for his Appearance here this Court, to answer of and concerning a Presentment, by the Grand Jurors for the Body of the Province of Maryland, against him found; for that he, on or about the middle of January last, did, in a public Manner,DRINK THE PRETENDER'S HEALTH, AND WISH HIM SUCCESS IN ALL HIS UNDERTAKINGS<, and that HE THOUGHT HIM THE RIGHT HEIR TO THE CROWN; for that THE PRESENT KING'S FATHER WAS A TURNIP SOWER, AND COULD HAVE NO RIGHT: And being demanded whether he was guilty of the Premisses in the Presentment aforseaid mentioned, or not guilty, says he is guilty thereof and submits to the Court's Judgment thereon.
The Lord Proprietary The said WILLIAM FOTHERGILL, being bound against by Recognizance for his Appearance here this Court, to answer of and concerning a Presentment, by the Grand Jurors, for the Body of the Province of Maryland, against him found, for that he, on or about the 25TH OF DECEMBER LAST, publicly said, That NOW HE HOPED TO SEE THE TIME THAT THE POOR ROMAN CATHOLICS (WHO HAD BEEN KEPT IN SLAVERY FORTY TWO YEARS) OUT OF THEIR BONDAGE, AND TO WASH THEIR HANDS IN THE HEARTS BLOOD OF THE PROTESTANTS; and being demanded whether he was guilty of the Premises in the Presentment aforesaid mentioned, or not guilty, SAYS THAT HE IS GUILTY THEREOF, and SUBMITS TO THE COURT'S JUDGMENT THEREON. Therefore it is considered by the Justices here, that the said William Fothergill, for the Offence aforesaid, be FINED TO HIS LORDSHIP THE LORD PROPRIETARY, IN THE SUM OF TEN POUNDS Current Money; and he is ordered to give Security for the Payment of the said Fine, and the several Officers Fees accruing due by Occasion of the Premisses aforesaid; and also to give Security in the Sum of Fifty Pounds Current Money, himself and one Security in the like Sum, or two Securities in the Sum of Twenty-five Pounds like Money each, for his the said William Fothergill's keeping the Peace, and being" of good Behaviour, until next Court; for the Want of all which Premisses, he is committed to the Custody of the SHERIFF OF ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY, there to remain until, &c. who being present here in Court, took Charge of him accordingly.
The Lord Proprietary] The said BOWLEN SPEAK being bound by against Recognizance for his Appearance here this Bowlen Speak. Court, to answer of and concerning a Presentment by the Grand Jurors, for the Body of the Province of Maryland, against him found; for that he, on or about the first day of March last, did, in a public Manner, DRINK THE PRETENDERS HEALTH, AND GOOD SUCCESS IN HIS PROCEEDINGS; and being demanded whether he is guilty of the Premisses in the Presentment aforesaid mentioned, or not guilty, SAYS HE IS GUILTY THEREOF, AND SUBMITS TO THE COURT'S JUDGMENT THEREON. Therefore it is considered by the Justices here, that the said Bowlen Speak, for the Offence aforesaid, be fined to his Lordship the Lord Proprietary in the Sum of Ten Pounds Current Money; and he is ordered to give Security for the Payment of the Fine aforesaid: But for the Want thereof, he is committed to the Custody of the SHERIFF OF CHARLES COUNTY, there to remain until, &c. who being present here in Court, took Charge of him accordingly. And it is further ordered, that he give Security in the Sum of Fifty Pounds Current Money, himself, with one Security, in the like Sum, or two Securities in the Sum of Twenty-five Pounds like Money each, for his the said Bowlen Speak's keeping the Peace, and being of good Behaviour, until next Court; and do for the payment of the several Officers Fees arising due by Occasion of the Premisses aforesaid. Thereupon the said Bowlen Speak, being present here in Court, acknowleges himself to owe and stand justly indebted to his Lordship, the Right Honourable the Lord Proprietary, in the Sum of Fifty Pounds Current Money, together with WILLIAM BRYANT OF CHARLES COUNTY, PLANTER, AS HIS SECURITY, being likewise present here in Court, acknowleges himself also to owe and stand justly indebted unto his Lordship, the Right Honourable the Lord Proprietary, in the like Sum of Fifty Pounds like Money: And they severally acknowlege, that the several above Sums shall be levied on their respective Bodies, Goods, Chattels, Lands and Tenements, to and for the Use of his said Lordship, his Heirs, and Successors; in case he the said Bowlen Speak, shall not keep the Peace, and be of good Behaviour, until the next Provincial Court, and shall not pay the several Officers Fees arising due by Occasion of the Premisses aforesaid. A true Copy from the Records of the Provincial Court, Liber E I, N°. 10. Folios 231 and 232. Per R. Burdus, Clerk. In Testimony whereof the Seal of the said Provincial L.0S. Court is hereunto affixed, this I5th Day of June, Anno Domini 1752.
Who was Commissioner Daniel RawlingsIn 1750, a Daniel Rawlings, Sr. [indicating the existance of a Daniel Rawlings, Jr.] was shown to have been a Commissioner in setting the bounds of Frederick and Baltimore Counties: [It seems unlikely that this could have been the Daniel who d. 1748, Thus, not Daniel I of the Cliffs, and not Daniel II bro. of Isaac: meaning that there are two heretofore unaccounted-for Daniels living at this time [ June 1750: a “Sr.” and a “Jr.”] AND a suspected Papist Mary Rawlings, who may be the wife of this official, giving the anti-catholic official who has a Catholic wife but says he’s protestant but whose wife has jesuits instructing his children putsch. RICHARD BURDUS, SERVANT AND OFFICE HOLDERby Robert Barnes, Archivists Bulldog, July 1998 Russell R. Menard in "British Migration to the Chesapeake Colonies in the Seventeenth Century," Colonial Chesapeake Society, Edited by Lois Green Carr et al., p. 99-132, stated that the chances of a male indentured servant achieving a satisfactory life style were pretty high until 1660, and then declined, especially after 1680. After this time former servants often left the region in search of better prospects elsewhere. What constitutes a "satisfactory life?" Dr. R.J. Rockefeller suggests that some indicators of this satisfactory life may be: a) surviving servitude; b) achieving economic independence; c) attaining some status in the community - church, office, or reputation; and /or d) marrying and establishing a family. 2 A richard Marshall is listed in Charles County Hundred Rent Rolls Name Index (1642-1753): Charles Co., MD 3 Maryland Gazette 2 Nov. 1758: BEAUDILE GOUNSAULT keeps a dancing school at the house beonging to MR CHAPMAN, near MR. BULLEN&RSQUO;S in Annapolis. He will also teach on Tuesdays and Wednesdays at the house of MRS. WRIGHT, WIDOW OF BENJAMIN WRIGHT, over Severn. Abstracts of Land Records, AAC, Vol VI: Grantor: HENRY BENETT, AA CO., CARPENTER, AND MARGARET HIS WIFE, AND ELIZ KENNEDY, ANNAPOLIS, DAU OF MR. (HUGH) KENNEDY, ANNAPOLIS, INNHOLDER. Grantee: BENJAMIN WRIGHT, AA CO., PLANTER. DATE OF DEED: 28 JLY 1742; Date Recorded: August 21 1742; Consideration: £5 current money. Sigs: Henry Bennett, Margaret Bennett, Eliz. Kennedy. Witnesses, : PHILIP JONES, T TODD. By Elizabeth in presence of T BRICE, WM. BORDLEY. Descritiopn : That paecel, part of a greater tract called ASKELON, containing 230 acres, bordered by land fomrerly sold by JOHN SMITH TO JOHN PEASLY, containing 30 acres. Other : HENRY BENNETT AND MARGARET HIS WIFE AND ELIZABETH KENNEDY ARE HEIRS AT LAW OF HUGH KENNEDY. ELIZABETH IS SISTER TO MARGARET . Realease of Dower: Margaret Bennett. Grantor: WILLIAM WOODWARD, LONDON, GOLDMITH; MARY HOLMS, NEWINGTON BUTTS, SURRY, WIDOW, DEVISEES AND EXECUTORS OF LWT OF MARY WOODWARD, LATE OF LONDON, WIDOW, DECD., ONE OF THE COHEIRS OF AMOS GARRETT. Also devisees of ELIZABETH GIN, LATE OF NEWINGTON BUTTS, WIDOW, DEC. BENJAMIN BARON, OF THE SAME PLACE, UPHOLSTERER, AND ELIZBABETH HIS WIFE, ANOTHER OF THE DEVISEES OF ELIZABETH GIN. AND CORNELIUS, KEHOWN, OF SOUTHWARK, SURRY, BARBER, AND SARAH HIS WIFE, ANOTHER DEVISEE OF ELIZABETH GIN. Grantee: BENJAMIN WRIGHT, AA CO., PLANTER. DATE OF DEED: 22 MAY 1742; Date recorded : Nov. 18th 1742; consideration: £18. ster. Signs: Wm. Woodward, Mary Holmes, Eliz Baron, Cornel 4Records concerning [Jesuit] Richard Molineux 5 Wm. Murdock is one of the persecutors of Justice John Rawlings in the Legislature. War Time Line 1739 -The "War of Jenkins's Ear," a trade war between Great Britain and Spain, developing due to British attempts to circumvent the Peace of Utrecht. Maryland's Participation in the War of Jenkins' Earby Phebe Jacobsen, THE ARCHIVISTS' BULLDOG Vol. 1, No. 25 21 September 1987....The final stage of the 250 year struggle between the major Europeanpowers for domination of the North American continent took place between1739 and 1763, manifested largely by wars between England and France. Theyear 1739 began with Britain's war against Spain, and the attempted acquisition of Spanish trade in South America. The War of Jenkins' Ear 1739-1743 was preliminary to King George's War 1744-1748, which was prior to the Seven Years War. Maryland troops participated in all three, as they never hadin earlier campaigns. By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), British merchants, except for thosebelonging to the English South Sea Company, and party to the Asiento Agreement{this was an agreement signed in 1713 by the South Sea Company and theSpanish Crown, whereby that Company was given the exclusive right to sell4800 African slaves each year in the Spanish colonies for 30 years}, weregreatly restricted in trade. So being the brave souls that they were assmugglers, they invaded the Spanish Main. Some British ships were seizedby the Spanish, and during one such altercation, the ear of a British sailor,Edmund Jenkins, was cropped by his captors. The story of Jenkins' ear,raised the wrath of all red blooded Englishmen. As early as June 1739, the British government had authorized GovernorOgle, as it no doubt authorized other colonial governors, to issue lettersof marque and reprisal against Spanish ships. In the following months,as a logical step in preparation for the coming conflict, Ogle ordereda list of his militia from the colonels of each county's militia units. War was formally proclaimed October 19, 1739, but not until the followingspring did Maryland's participation actually begin. His majesty requestedable-bodied, debt free freemen for whom His Majesty's government wouldprovide arms and clothing, return transportation, and a share of booty.The war was, His Majesty said, against Spain and the Spanish settlementsin the West Indies. Transportation for a general rendezvous would be providedby the Province, as would be the funding for enlistments. A disagreement arose over the enlistees' debt free status in the initialbill offered by the Lower House. Eventually, L2562.10 in current money,in Bills of Credit were to be applied to persons who volunteered. On September6, 1740, the following officers received appointments and royal commissions:CAPTAINS JOHN MILBURN, JOHN LLOYD, AND THOMAS ADDISON. There is no recordof these men {Volume 1 of The Iron Chest Accounts has an entry dated February25, 1740 [1741] saying that PATRICK CREAGH was paid by agents for maintainingand transporting. . . troops as per order December 10, 1740. Others werepaid for enlisting persons in His Majesties service}. Scharf says thatmost colonies sent volunteers. Although there were skirmishes and battles along Florida borders, involvingthe new colonies of Georgia and the Carolinas, the greatest action wasfar to the south. The American Regiment (this was the first time "American" had been usedby the British military) fought alongside British regulars. Twelve thousandsoldiers and fifteen thousand sailors embarked on a fleet of 115 ships,many of them Ships of the Line. The expedition, composed of forces fromEngland, as well as volunteers from the colonies, made rendezvous in JAMAICAEARLY IN 1741. There they set sail for CARTHAGENA, NOW IN NORTHERN COLOMBIA,and then the largest stronghold of Spain in South America. From MARCH 4TO APRIL 16, 1741, the expedition labored and fought near the city whichwas protected by four forts. Two fell under the onslaught of British soldiers,and fortifications had been erected for assaults upon the other two whenthe rains came and yellow fever struck. Vernon, much against his will,was forced to withdraw. HALL SAYS THAT "THE LOSS OF LIFE FROM SICKNESSWAS APPALLING. HUNDREDS FELL BEFORE THE GUNS OF THE SPANIARDS, BUT THOUSANDSPERISHED FROM DISEASE." Thus ended the first campaign in which Britain had used her colonialtroops outside of North America. ONLY TWO-THIRDS RETURNED. SO FAR AS WEKNOW, THERE WERE NONE FROM MARYLAND. But George Washington's stepbrotherLawrence, an aide to VERNON, came back to establish an estate on the Potomac,NAMED MOUNT VERNON, FOR THE ADMIRAL. It is also written that Vernon, beingso disgusted with the amount of rum his forces consumed, had water addedto the bottles, thus creating Grog. The LAST BATTLE OF THE WAR OF JENKINS' EAR TOOK PLACE NEAR THE FLORIDABORDER IN 1742, when a Spanish counterattack was repulsed. Already, theWar of the Austrian Succession had begun in Europe. Spain and France hadjoined forces against Prussia and Britain. In the colonies, this conflictwas known as KING GEORGE'S WAR (1744-1748), because it involved the familyconnection of German born and German bred George I. To a large extent,it was fought in Europe, but in the New World, it took place in Canada. Contenders for land in Canada had long ago narrowed to Britain and France.Spain's dominion lay to the South and West. By the national Treaty of Utrecht(1713), Britain received Newfoundland, Acadia (Nova Scotia), and the HudsonBay area. France retained islands of the St. Lawrence, and Cape Breton.Neither country was satisfied with this part of the treaty any more thanEngland had been satisfied with the section limiting her right to tradein the Spanish Main. News of the declaration of war had just reached the small British islandof CANSO, AT THE EXTREME NORTHEAST CORNER OF NOVA SCOTIA, WHEN IT WAS CAPTUREDIN MAY 1744 BY THE FRENCH. Canso was an important port for New Englandfishermen, and offered a place for them to cure cod. In retaliation, GovernorShirley of Massachusetts, with the help of local fishermen, made plansto take Louisbourgh, the great French fortress guarding the St. Lawrence.New Englanders believed that Louisbourgh harbored pirates, and it certainlyharbored privateers. With assistance from the northern colonies, PENNSYLVANIA,NEW JERSEY, AND AN ARMY OF CIVILIANS, led by William Pepperrell, aidedby the British, fleet, the impossible was accomplished. After a siege oftwo months, Louisbourgh surrendered on June 1744. News of the victory traveledthroughout the colonies, and was met with great joy. In Maryland, subscriptions were taken up for New England soldiers and their families, while provision and arms were sent to the garrison at Louisbourgh. Governor Shirley now turned to plans for the invasion of Canada by acolonial militia, but the British military were not about to allow suchan independent venture for their colonial subjects. Instead, they proposedthat an integrated force strike against Quebec. The British plan was notdisputed, and as a request for the usual levy, went out to all colonies.The General Assembly of Maryland voted L4500 for the cause, and on SEPTEMBER15, 1745, THE MARYLAND GAZETTE REPORTED THAT THREE COMPANIES UNDER CAPTAINSCAMPBELL, CROFTS, AND JORDAN HAD SAILED NORTHWARD. The planned expeditionnever took place, but the VOLUNTEERS WERE RETAINED AT ALBANY FOR EIGHTEENMONTHS. The British officials asked Maryland for further money to maintainthem, but outside of the L1100 voted in November of 1745, the General Assemblyrefused to accept further obligation. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle was announced in Annapolis MAY 5, 1749.One of its provisions directed Louisbourgh be returned to the French. 1740s - Many Senecas and Cayugas migrate from New England to the southern shores of Lake Erie and become known as Mingos. 1742 - Start of the War of Austrian Succession 1743 - June 27, Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria, the last engagement in which a British monarch ( King George II )participated in person. 1744 - King George's War (1744 - 1748 ), 15 March, third of four North American wars waged by the British and French - Iroquois give the British permission to build a blockhouse at the Forks of the Ohio. - 16 June- 7July - Treaty at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, between Iroquois nations of Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca, on the one side, and British colonies of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania on the other. - George Crogan establishes trading post at Mingo town of Cuyahoga. His soon becomes a political power among the Ohio Indians. 1745 - May 11, "Battle of Fontenoy" in Flanders, French defeat combined army of British, Dutch and Austrian troops -
1746 - 28 January, Jacobite victory at the Battle of Falkirk - Earl Loudoun flees the "rout of Moy" to the safety of Skye, and sits out the rest of the Jacobite rising - 27 April, William Augustus, duke of Cumberland, defeats Scots rebels at the "Battle of Culloden", braking the Jacobite Rebellion - He is made captain general of the British army.
1747 - July 2, Battle of Lauffeld, British and Allied defeat - October 24th, Formation of the Ohio Company of Virginia - June, William Johnson instigates a Mohawk raid against Montreal in defiance of Iroquois grand council's neutrality policy. The raiders are ambushed with great losses. Benjamin Franklin organizes a military association for Pennsylvania's defense. 1748 - October 18, Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ends War of Austrian Succession (known in British colonies as "King George's War") - 11 August, Conrad Weiser journeys to the Ohio country to treat with region's Indians - Shawnees and Iroquois grand council appoints Tanaghrisson as "Half King" over the Ohio Indians and gives Scarouady supervision over the Shawnees - Benjamin Franklin retires from management of his printing business - Louisbourg returns to France. 1749 - 11 January, Ohio Company's petitions King George for a grant of lands, and proposes to build a fort there - 16 March, King George II orders grant to the Ohio Company - June 1, Fran¨ois Piquet founds La Prˇsentation, a Sulpician mission Oswegatchie (Ogdensburg), N.Y.), it draws many Iroquois to the French - 15 June - 9 November, Captain Cˇleron de Blainville leads an expedition to the Ohio country to restore New France's authority, but fails in efforts. - Halifax is established and constructed in Acadia [Nova Scotia] as a counter measure to Fortress Louisbourg. 1750 - 11 September, 1750 - 29 March 1752, Christopher Gist arranges for a treaty at Logstown - William Johnson attempt to prevent Conrad Wiser from treating with the Iroquois - French raid against rebellious Shawnees fails to subdue them - Virginians treat with Ohio Indians at Logstown, get confirmation from Mingos of land at Lancaster in 1744 - Commissioners appointed to negotiate disputed by Britain and France - British build Fort Lawrence, French counter with Fort Beausˇjour at disputed border between Nova Scotia and Acadia. 1750-51 - La Galissoni¸re, governor-general of New France, repeatedly warns the French ministry of two necessities: (1) to preserve the loyalty of the India tribes; (2) to preserve the lifeline between Canada and Louisiana from British interception 1751 - July, Johnson resigns post as New York's agent in charge of Indian affairs, is later elected a member of Pennsylvania assembly. Thomas Penn and brother refuse the assembly's unanimous request to contribute to expense of Indian affairs "or any other public expense." 1752 Britain adopts the Georgian calendar. - William Law publishes, "The Way to Divine Knowledge." - Benjamin Franklin invents the lightening conductor. - 21 June, A party of Chippewas, Potawatomies, and Ottawas, led by Charles Langlade, attack the Indian village of Picawillany, destroy Croghan's trading post, killing one British trader, and taking others prisoner. - Marquis Duquesne arrives at Quebec to be governor-general of New France. - Commissioner William Shirley recalled from futile negotiations in Paris 1753-1 February, French troops dispatched from Canada take the Ohio Valley, and begin construction of three forts. - Virginia Governor Hamilton receives a letter stating that French and Mohawks attacked a trading post of John Findly at a place called 'Kentucky'. - George Washington is sent to the French commander in the Ohio country to protest their occupation of disputed lands. - In England land tax is instituted. - Halifax Revives Britain's claim to the Ohio country through "right of conquest" by "subject" Iroquois. - Benjamin Franklin is awarded the Coply gold medal of the Royal Society for his experiments with electricity, he is appointed by the crown as deputy postmaster general of the British colonies in North America. 1754 - St. Andrews Golf Club, is founded in Scotland. - In England, the Society for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufacturers is created. -Newcastle becomes head of the ministry as first lord of the Treasury - Britain and France are at war in North America; the issue is boundaries. - Captain Trent starts to build Virginia's fort at the point where the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers join to make the Ohio. - Ensign Ward is left in charge. - April, Ensign Ward surrenders to Captain Contrecoeur, who completes building Fort Duquesne. 28 May, Lieutenant Colonel George Washington leads a party of Virginians and Mingos to attack a French party under Ensign Coulon de Jumonville, who is killed under circumstances called "assassination" by the French. - 26 June, Newcastle's inner cabinet resolves to defend Britain's northern colonies from French "invasion." - 4 July, Washington surrenders encampment called Fort Necessity at Great Meadows after Tanaghrisson's Mingos desert in contempt of Washington's leadership. Captain Robert Stobo is given as hostage. - 28-29 July, Captain Stobo smuggles plans of Fort Duquesne to Philadelphia through Delaware chiefs Shingas and Delaware George. - September, Board of trade and ministry discuss need for unified action by colonies. - Ministry decides upon a military commander in chief to be financed by colonies. Cumberland nominates Edward Braddock. - 8 September, News of Washington's surrender reaches London and stimulates Newcastle to appeal for help from Cumberland. - December, British authorises Massachusetts governor Shirley to raise troops. . 1755 - January, Britain sends two regiments of troops to Virginia. - February, France sends seventy-eight companies to Canada. - French ministry authorises instigation of Indians against British colonies. - General Braddock arrives in Williamsburg, Virginia. - British troops defeated by the French near Fort Duquesne in the colonies. - English colonial troops capture French commander Dieskau. - French Fort Beausˇjour is taken by the English forces. - British build their first navel vessel on Lake Ontario. - Lisbon, Spain, 30,000 people die in earthquake. - Samuel Johnson publishes "Dictionary of the English Language. " 1756 - May 28, French capture Minorca. - Britain declares war on France, fighting on two fronts in India and North America. - "The Seven Years' War" (1756-63) officially began on August 29, when Frederick of Prussia invades the German State of Saxony. - This war, which was a widening of the conflict between Britain and France in North America, became a world conflict. The combatants included Prussia and Hanover on the British side against Austria, Russia, Saxony, Spain and Sweden with France. 1757 - Fort William Henry captured and destroyed by French August 9, 1757. 1758 - In July 1758, the first British troops dispatched to Germany under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. - August 1, Battle of Minden in Germany - In America, - July 27, British capture French fortress of Louisbourg in Canada - Fort Duquesne is abandoned and burned by the French, the English begin construction of Fort Pitt near the site. - The Easton treaty is signed between the Pennsylvania colonial government and the Delawares, thus settling boundary questions - Appearance of Haley's comet. 1759 - September 13, Battle of Quebec, where both generals Montcalm and Wolfe lost their lives. 1760 - Battle of Warburg in Germany July 31 - September 8, Amherst captures Montreal and ends French resistance in Canada. October 25, death of King George II , he is succeeded by his grandson, George III. Culloden Follow-up From :
Regimental anecdotes and traditions: Culloden is a battle that has bred many anecdotes and traditions. It is only possible to refer to a few:
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“The sheriff has been described as “the county court’s chief executive officer.” He served summonses, writs and other process issued by the court. He impaneled juries, apprehended persons accused of crimes and kept them in custody if they were sentenced to the county prison, which was in his charge. He collected and paid out the county levy and public levy. He had certain duties with respect to elections. He also supervised the work of the constables in preparing lists of taxables within their respective hundreds and in their capacity as law enforcement officers.” -- Maryland archives doc. 
Prince Charles Edward Stuart raises the Highlanders in what is called the "Jacobite Rebellion" - 30 September, Royalist John Campbell, looses his army to Jacobite victory at the 
